Sexuality Education, Pregnancy and STI Prevention
Confidentiality Issues
Access to Reproductive Health Care
— Contraceptives
- Depot Medroxyprogesterone Injectable Contraceptive
- Oral Contraceptives, Contraceptive Patch and Ring
- Emergency Contraceptives
— Abortion Care
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Sexuality Education, Pregnancy and STI Prevention
1. American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health and Committee on Adolescence. Sexuality education for children and adolescents. Pediatrics. Aug 2001;108(2):498-502.
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2. Help teens stay safe: identify barriers to prevent pregnancy, STD infection. Contracept Technol Update. Jun 1998;19(6):69-71.
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3. Sexuality, contraception, and the media. Committee on Public Education. Pediatrics. Jan 2001;107(1):191-194.
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4. Alexander E, Hickner J. First coitus for adolescents: understanding why and when. J Am Board Fam Pract. Mar-Apr 1997;10(2):96-103.
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5. Ancheta R, Hynes C, Shrier LA. Reproductive health education and sexual risk among high-risk female adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Apr 2005;18(2):105-111.
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6. As-Sanie S, Gantt A, Rosenthal MS. Pregnancy prevention in adolescents. Am Fam Physician. Oct 15 2004;70(8):1517-1524.
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7. Bleakley A, Hennessy M, Fishbein M. Public opinion on sex education in US schools. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Nov 2006;160(11):1151-1156.
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8. Brown JD, Keller SN. Can the mass media be healthy sex educators? Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 2000;32(5):255-256.
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9. Brown RT, Brown JD. Adolescent sexuality. Prim Care. Jun 2006;33(2):373-390.
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10. Bruckner H, Bearman P. After the promise: the STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges. J Adolesc Health. Apr 2005;36(4):271-278.
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11. Clark JK, Brey RA, Banter AE. Physicians as educators in adolescent sexuality education. J Sch Health. Dec 2003;73(10):389-391.
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12. Croft CA, Asmussen L. A developmental approach to sexuality education: implications for medical practice. J Adolesc Health. Mar 1993;14(2):109-114.
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13. D'Alfonso A, Iovenitti P, Carta G. The adolescent and the gynecologist: our experience. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2003;30(1):47-50.
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14. Darroch JE, Landry DJ, Singh S. Changing emphases in sexuality education in U.S. public secondary schools, 1988-1999. Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 2000;32(5):204-211, 265.
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15. Denny G, Young M. An evaluation of an abstinence-only sex education curriculum: an 18-month follow-up. J Sch Health. Oct 2006;76(8):414-422.
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16. DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L. Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Bmj. Jun 15 2002;324(7351):1426.
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17. Donovan C, Mellanby AR, Jacobson LD, Taylor B, Tripp JH. Teenagers' views on the general practice consultation and provision of contraception. The Adolescent Working Group. Br J Gen Pract. Nov 1997;47(424):715-718.
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18. Donovan P. School-based sexuality education: the issues and challenges. Fam Plann Perspect. Jul-Aug 1998;30(4):188-193.
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19. Eisenberg ME, Swain C, Bearinger LH, Sieving RE, Resnick MD. Parental notification laws for minors' access to contraception: what do parents say? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Feb 2005;159(2):120-125.
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20. Franklin C, Corcoran J. Preventing adolescent pregnancy: a review of programs and practices. Soc Work. Jan 2000;45(1):40-52.
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21. Gallant JE. HIV counseling, testing, and referral. Am Fam Physician. Jul 15 2004;70(2):295-302.
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22. Grunbaum JA, Kann L, Kinchen S, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance--United States, 2003. MMWR Surveill Summ. May 21 2004;53(2):1-96.
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23. Grunseit A, Kippax S, Aggleton P, Baldo M, Slutkin G. Sexuality education and young people's sexual behavior: a review of studies. J Adolesc Res. Oct 1997;12(4):421-453.
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24. Guzman BL, Schlehofer-Sutton MM, Villanueva CM, Dello Stritto ME, Casad BJ, Feria A. Let's talk about sex: how comfortable discussions about sex impact teen sexual behavior. J Health Commun. Nov-Dec 2003;8(6):583-598.
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25. Haffner D, Casey S. Approaches to adolescent pregnancy prevention. Semin Adolesc Med. Sep 1986;2(3):259-267.
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26. Haglund K. Recommendations for sexuality education for early adolescents. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. May-Jun 2006;35(3):369-375.
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27. Hamlyn C. Teenage pregnancy and sex education. J Fam Health Care. 2002;12(3):71-73.
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28. Hassan EA, Creatsas GC. Adolescent sexuality: a developmental milestone or risk-taking behavior? The role of health care in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Aug 2000;13(3):119-124.
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29. Hellerstedt WL, Smith AE, Shew ML, Resnick MD. Perceived knowledge and training needs in adolescent pregnancy prevention: results from a multidisciplinary survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Jul 2000;154(7):679-684.
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30. Hirsl-Hecej V, Stulhofer A. Urban adolescents and sexual risk taking. Coll Antropol. Jun 2001;25(1):195-212.
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31. Hutchinson JW, Stafford EM. Changing parental opinions about teen privacy through education. Pediatrics. Oct 2005;116(4):966-971.
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32. Ito KE, Gizlice Z, Owen-O'Dowd J, Foust E, Leone PA, Miller WC. Parent opinion of sexuality education in a state with mandated abstinence education: does policy match parental preference? J Adolesc Health. Nov 2006;39(5):634-641.
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33. Jacobson LD, Mellanby AR, Donovan C, Taylor B, Tripp JH. Teenagers' views on general practice consultations and other medical advice. The Adolescent Working Group, RCGP. Fam Pract. Apr 2000;17(2):156-158.
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34. Kantor LM, Bacon WF. Abstinence-only programs implemented under welfare reform are incompatible with research on effective sexuality education. J Am Med Womens Assoc. Winter 2002;57(1):38-40.
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35. Kelts EA, Allan MJ, Klein JD. Where are we on teen sex?: Delivery of reproductive health services to adolescents by family physicians. Fam Med. May 2001;33(5):376-381.
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36. Kempner ME. Sexuality education is debated as restrictive programs gain popularity. SIECUS Rep. Aug-Sep 2000;28(6):3-19.
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37. Kirby D. Sexuality and sex education at home and school. Adolesc Med. Jun 1999;10(2):195-209, v.
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38. Klein JD, Sabaratnam P, Pazos B, Auerbach MM, Havens CG, Brach MJ. Evaluation of the parents as primary sexuality educators program. J Adolesc Health. Sep 2005;37(3 Suppl):S94-99.
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39. Landry DJ, Darroch JE, Singh S, Higgins J. Factors associated with the content of sex education in U.S. public secondary schools. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. Nov-Dec 2003;35(6):261-269.
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40. Landry DJ, Kaeser L, Richards CL. Abstinence promotion and the provision of information about contraception in public school district sexuality education policies. Fam Plann Perspect. Nov-Dec 1999;31(6):280-286.
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41. Landry DJ, Singh S, Darroch JE. Sexuality education in fifth and sixth grades in U.S. public schools, 1999. Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 2000;32(5):212-219.
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42. Langille DB, Mann KV, Gailiunas PN. Primary care physicians' perceptions of adolescent pregnancy and STD prevention practices in a Nova Scotia county. Am J Prev Med. Jul-Aug 1997;13(4):324-330.
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43. Mayer C. "Let's talk about sex": ideas for sex education in schools. J Fam Health Care. 2002;12(3):74-75.
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44. Mayer R. MISH publishes new framework for fear-based, abstinence-only education. SIECUS Rep. Apr-May 1997;25(4):14-16.
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45. McElderry DH, Omar HA. Sex education in the schools: what role does it play? Int J Adolesc Med Health. Jan-Mar 2003;15(1):3-9.
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46. Measor L, Tiffin C, Miller K. Health professionals and the sex education of adolescents. Nurs Times. May 26-Jun 1 1999;95(21):48-51.
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47. Mebane FE, Yam EA, Rimer BK. Sex education and the news: lessons from how journalists framed virginity pledges. J Health Commun. Sep 2006;11(6):583-606.
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48. Mellanby AR, Newcombe RG, Rees J, Tripp JH. A comparative study of peer-led and adult-led school sex education. Health Educ Res. Aug 2001;16(4):481-492.
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49. Meschke LL, Bartholomae S, Zentall SR. Adolescent sexuality and parent-adolescent processes: promoting healthy teen choices. J Adolesc Health. Dec 2002;31(6 Suppl):264-279.
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50. Middleman AB. Review of sexuality education in the United States for health professionals working with adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr. Aug 1999;11(4):283-286.
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51. Moore MJ, Rienzo BA. Utilizing the SIECUS Guidelines to assess sexuality education in one state: content scope and importance. J Sch Health. Feb 2000;70(2):56-60.
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52. Murphy NA, Elias ER. Sexuality of children and adolescents with developmental disabilities. Pediatrics. Jul 2006;118(1):398-403.
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53. Nahom D, Wells E, Gillmore MR, et al. Differences by gender and sexual experience in adolescent sexual behavior: implications for education and HIV prevention. J Sch Health. Apr 2001;71(4):153-158.
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54. Noakes K, Yarwood J, Salisbury D. Parental Response to the Introduction of a Vaccine Against Human Papilloma Virus. Hum Vaccin. Nov 12 2006;2(6).
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55. Parkes A, Wight D, Henderson M. Teenagers' use of sexual health services: perceived need, knowledge and ability to access. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. Oct 2004;30(4):217-224.
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56. Price JH, Dake JA, Kirchofer G, Telljohann SK. Elementary school teachers' techniques of responding to student questions regarding sexuality issues. J Sch Health. Jan 2003;73(1):9-14.
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57. Price JH, Desmond SM, Losh DP. Patients' expectations of the family physician in health promotion. Am J Prev Med. Jan-Feb 1991;7(1):33-39.
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58. Pryke RG. Parents are an untapped resource in sex education. Bmj. Sep 14 2002;325(7364):600.
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59. Realini JP. Teenage pregnancy prevention: what can we do? Am Fam Physician. Oct 15 2004;70(8):1457-1458.
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60. Sabia JJ. Does sex education affect adolescent sexual behaviors and health? J Policy Anal Manage. Fall 2006;25(4):783-802.
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61. Saito MI. Sex education in school: preventing unwanted pregnancy in adolescents. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Dec 1998;63 Suppl 1:S157-160.
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62. Santelli J, Ott MA, Lyon M, Rogers J, Summers D, Schleifer R. Abstinence and abstinence-only education: a review of U.S. policies and programs. J Adolesc Health. Jan 2006;38(1):72-81.
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63. Silva M. The effectiveness of school-based sex education programs in the promotion of abstinent behavior: a meta-analysis. Health Educ Res. Aug 2002;17(4):471-481.
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64. Smith M, Gertz E, Alvarez S, Lurie P. The content and accessibility of sex education information on the Internet. Health Educ Behav. Dec 2000;27(6):684-694.
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65. Snegroff S. No sexuality education is sexuality education. Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 2000;32(5):257-258.
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66. Song EY, Pruitt BE, McNamara J, Colwell B. A meta-analysis examining effects of school sexuality education programs on adolescents' sexual knowledge, 1960-1997. J Sch Health. Dec 2000;70(10):413-416.
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67. Starkman N, Rajani N. The case for comprehensive sex education. AIDS Patient Care STDS. Jul 2002;16(7):313-318.
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68. Sulak PJ, Herbelin SJ, Fix DD, Kuehl TJ. Impact of an adolescent sex education program that was implemented by an academic medical center. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Jul 2006;195(1):78-84.
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69. Watt LD. Pregnancy prevention in primary care for adolescent males. J Pediatr Health Care. Sep-Oct 2001;15(5):223-228.
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70. Whaley AL. Preventing the high-risk sexual behavior of adolescents: focus on HIV/AIDS transmission, unintended pregnancy, or both? J Adolesc Health. Jun 1999;24(6):376-382.
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71. Wight D, Abraham C. From psycho-social theory to sustainable classroom practice: developing a research-based teacher-delivered sex education programme. Health Educ Res. Feb 2000;15(1):25-38.
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72. Wiley DC. The ethics of abstinence-only and abstinence-plus sexuality education. J Sch Health. Apr 2002;72(4):164-167.
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73. Williams MT, Bonner L. Sex education attitudes and outcomes among North American women. Adolescence. Spring 2006;41(161):1-14.
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74. Wilson SN. Sexuality education: our current status, and an agenda for 2010. Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 2000;32(5):252-254.
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75. Yanda K. Teenagers educating teenagers about reproductive health and their rights to confidential care. Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 2000;32(5):256-257.
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Confidentiality Issues
1. The adolescent's right to confidential care when considering abortion. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Adolescence. Pediatrics. May 1996;97(5):746-751.
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2. Adams KE. Mandatory parental notification: the importance of confidential health care for adolescents. J Am Med Womens Assoc. Spring 2004;59(2):87-90.
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3. Akinbami LJ, Gandhi H, Cheng TL. Availability of adolescent health services and confidentiality in primary care practices. Pediatrics. Feb 2003;111(2):394-401.
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4. As-Sanie S, Gantt A, Rosenthal MS. Pregnancy prevention in adolescents. Am Fam Physician. Oct 15 2004;70(8):1517-1524.
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5. Berg-Kelly K. Adolescent-friendly services. Acta Paediatr. Nov 2003;92(11):1241-1242.
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6. Brindis CD, Llewelyn L, Marie K, Blum M, Biggs A, Maternowska C. Meeting the reproductive health care needs of adolescents: California's Family Planning Access, Care, and Treatment Program. J Adolesc Health. Jun 2003;32(6 Suppl):79-90.
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7. Davies L. Access by the unaccompanied under-16-year-old adolescent to general practice without parental consent. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. Oct 2003;29(4):205-207.
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8. Donovan C, Mellanby AR, Jacobson LD, Taylor B, Tripp JH. Teenagers' views on the general practice consultation and provision of contraception. The Adolescent Working Group. Br J Gen Pract. Nov 1997;47(424):715-718.
Link to PDF
9. Eisenberg ME, Swain C, Bearinger LH, Sieving RE, Resnick MD. Parental notification laws for minors' access to contraception: what do parents say? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Feb 2005;159(2):120-125.
Link to PubMed
11. Ford CA, Bearman PS, Moody J. Foregone health care among adolescents. Jama. Dec 15 1999;282(23):2227-2234.
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12. Ford CA, Best D, Miller WC. The pediatric forum: confidentiality and adolescents' willingness to consent to sexually transmitted disease testing. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Sep 2001;155(9):1072-1073.
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13. Ford CA, Millstein SG. Delivery of confidentiality assurances to adolescents by primary care physicians. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. May 1997;151(5):505-509.
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14. Ford CA, Millstein SG, Halpern-Felsher BL, Irwin CE, Jr. Influence of physician confidentiality assurances on adolescents' willingness to disclose information and seek future health care. A randomized controlled trial. Jama. Sep 24 1997;278(12):1029-1034.
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15. Ford CA, Thomsen SL, Compton B. Adolescents' interpretations of conditional confidentiality assurances. J Adolesc Health. Sep 2001;29(3):156-159.
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16. Gallant JE. HIV counseling, testing, and referral. Am Fam Physician. Jul 15 2004;70(2):295-302.
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17. Garofalo R, Katz E. Health care issues of gay and lesbian youth. Curr Opin Pediatr. Aug 2001;13(4):298-302.
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18. Gold RB, Sonfield A. Reproductive health services for adolescents under the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Fam Plann Perspect. Mar-Apr 2001;33(2):81-87.
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19. Hutchinson JW, Stafford EM. Changing parental opinions about teen privacy through education. Pediatrics. Oct 2005;116(4):966-971.
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20. Jackson S, Hafemeister TL. Impact of parental consent and notification policies on the decisions of adolescents to be tested for HIV. J Adolesc Health. Aug 2001;29(2):81-93.
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21. Jacobson LD, Mellanby AR, Donovan C, Taylor B, Tripp JH. Teenagers' views on general practice consultations and other medical advice. The Adolescent Working Group, RCGP. Fam Pract. Apr 2000;17(2):156-158.
Link to PDF
22. Jones RK, Boonstra H. Confidential reproductive health services for minors: the potential impact of mandated parental involvement for contraception. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. Sep-Oct 2004;36(5):182-191.
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23. Jones RK, Boonstra H. Confidential reproductive health care for adolescents. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. Oct 2005;17(5):456-460.
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24. Jones RK, Purcell A, Singh S, Finer LB. Adolescents' reports of parental knowledge of adolescents' use of sexual health services and their reactions to mandated parental notification for prescription contraception. Jama. Jan 19 2005;293(3):340-348.
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25. Kelts EA, Allan MJ, Klein JD. Where are we on teen sex?: Delivery of reproductive health services to adolescents by family physicians. Fam Med. May 2001;33(5):376-381.
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26. Keshavarz R. Adolescents, informed consent and confidentiality: a case study. Mt Sinai J Med. Jul 2005;72(4):232-235.
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27. Klein JD, McNulty M, Flatau CN. Adolescents' access to care: teenagers' self-reported use of services and perceived access to confidential care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Jul 1998;152(7):676-682.
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28. Klostermann BK, Slap GB, Nebrig DM, Tivorsak TL, Britto MT. Earning trust and losing it: adolescents' views on trusting physicians. J Fam Pract. Aug 2005;54(8):679-687.
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29. Mathews C, Guttmacher SJ, Flisher AJ, Mtshizana Y, Hani A, Zwarenstein M. Written parental consent in school-based HIV/AIDS prevention research. Am J Public Health. Jul 2005;95(7):1266-1269.
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30. Measor L, Tiffin C, Miller K. Health professionals and the sex education of adolescents. Nurs Times. May 26-Jun 1 1999;95(21):48-51.
Link to PubMed
31. Meschke LL, Bartholomae S, Zentall SR. Adolescent sexuality and parent-adolescent processes: promoting healthy teen choices. J Adolesc Health. Dec 2002;31(6 Suppl):264-279.
Link to PubMed
32. Noakes K, Yarwood J, Salisbury D. Parental Response to the Introduction of a Vaccine Against Human Papilloma Virus. Hum Vaccin. Nov 12 2006;2(6).
Link to PubMed
33. Parkes A, Wight D, Henderson M. Teenagers' use of sexual health services: perceived need, knowledge and ability to access. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. Oct 2004;30(4):217-224.
Link to PubMed
34. Pinto KC. Intersections of gender and age in health care: adapting autonomy and confidentiality for the adolescent girl. Qual Health Res. Jan 2004;14(1):78-99.
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35. Price JH, Desmond SM, Losh DP. Patients' expectations of the family physician in health promotion. Am J Prev Med. Jan-Feb 1991;7(1):33-39.
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36. Reddy DM, Fleming R, Swain C. Effect of mandatory parental notification on adolescent girls' use of sexual health care services. Jama. Aug 14 2002;288(6):710-714.
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37. Schuster MA, Bell RM, Petersen LP, Kanouse DE. Communication between adolescents and physicians about sexual behavior and risk prevention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Sep 1996;150(9):906-913.
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38. Thrall JS, McCloskey L, Ettner SL, Rothman E, Tighe JE, Emans SJ. Confidentiality and adolescents' use of providers for health information and for pelvic examinations. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Sep 2000;154(9):885-892.
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39. Tobias BB, Ricer RE. Counseling adolescents about sexuality. Prim Care. Mar 1998;25(1):49-70.
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40. Weisleder P. The right of minors to confidentiality and informed consent. J Child Neurol. Feb 2004;19(2):145-148.
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41. Yanda K. Teenagers educating teenagers about reproductive health and their rights to confidential care. Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 2000;32(5):256-257.
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Access to Reproductive Health Care — Contraceptives
Depot Medroxyprogesterone Injectable Contraceptive
1. Contraceptives and teens: what are the options? Contracept Technol Update. Sep 2000;21(9):109-111.
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2. Busen NH. Bone mineral density in adolescent women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. Feb 2004;16(2):57-62.
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3. Busen NH, Britt RB, Rianon N. Bone mineral density in a cohort of adolescent women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for one to two years. J Adolesc Health. Apr 2003;32(4):257-259.
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4. Chotnopparatpattara P, Taneepanichskul S. Use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in Thai adolescents. Contraception. Sep 2000;62(3):137-140.
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5. Cromer BA. Bone mineral density in adolescent and young adult women on injectable or oral contraception. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. Oct 2003;15(5):353-357.
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6. Cromer BA, Berg-Kelly KS, Van Groningen JP, Seimer BS, Ruusuvaara L. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) and levonorgestrel (Norplant) use in adolescents among clinicians in Northern Europe and the United States. J Adolesc Health. Aug 1998;23(2):74-80.
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7. Cromer BA, Blair JM, Mahan JD, Zibners L, Naumovski Z. A prospective comparison of bone density in adolescent girls receiving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera), levonorgestrel (Norplant), or oral contraceptives. J Pediatr. Nov 1996;129(5):671-676.
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8. Cromer BA, Lazebnik R, Rome E, et al. Double-blinded randomized controlled trial of estrogen supplementation in adolescent girls who receive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Jan 2005;192(1):42-47.
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9. Cromer BA, Stager M, Bonny A, et al. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, oral contraceptives and bone mineral density in a cohort of adolescent girls. J Adolesc Health. Dec 2004;35(6):434-441.
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10. Davis AJ. Use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception in adolescents. J Reprod Med. May 1996;41(5 Suppl):407-413.
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11. Gordon CM, Nelson LM. Amenorrhea and bone health in adolescents and young women. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. Oct 2003;15(5):377-384.
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12. Haefner HK, Elkins TE. Contraceptive management for female adolescents with mental retardation and handicapping disabilities. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. Dec 1991;3(6):820-824.
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13. Khoiny FE. Use of depo-provera in teens. J Pediatr Health Care. Sep-Oct 1996;10(5):195-201.
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14. Lara-Torre E, Edwards CP, Perlman S, Hertweck SP. Bone mineral density in adolescent females using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Feb 2004;17(1):17-21.
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15. Lloyd T, Lin HM, Eggli DF, Dodson WC, Demers LM, Legro RS. Adolescent Caucasian mothers have reduced adult hip bone density. Fertil Steril. Jan 2002;77(1):136-140.
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16. Mangan SA, Larsen PG, Hudson S. Overweight teens at increased risk for weight gain while using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Apr 2002;15(2):79-82.
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17. Matson SC, Henderson KA, McGrath GJ. Physical findings and symptoms of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use in adolescent females. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Feb 1997;10(1):18-23.
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18. Middleman AB, Robertson LM, DuRant RH, Chiou V, Emans SJ. Use of hormonal methods of birth control among sexually active adolescent girls. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Nov 1997;10(4):193-198.
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19. O'Dell CM, Forke CM, Polaneczky MM, Sondheimer SJ, Slap GB. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate or oral contraception in postpartum adolescents. Obstet Gynecol. Apr 1998;91(4):609-614.
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20. Paiva LC, Pinto-Neto AM, Faundes A. Bone density among long-term users of medroxyprogesterone acetate as a contraceptive. Contraception. Dec 1998;58(6):351-355.
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21. Pelkman CL, Chow M, Heinbach RA, Rolls BJ. Short-term effects of a progestational contraceptive drug on food intake, resting energy expenditure, and body weight in young women. Am J Clin Nutr. Jan 2001;73(1):19-26.
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22. Pinkston Koenigs LM, Miller NH. The contraceptive use of Depo-Provera in U.S. adolescents. J Adolesc Health. May 1995;16(5):347-349.
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23. Polaneczky M, Liblanc M. Long-term depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) use in inner-city adolescents. J Adolesc Health. Aug 1998;23(2):81-88.
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24. Rome E, Ziegler J, Secic M, et al. Bone biochemical markers in adolescent girls using either depot medroxyprogesterone acetate or an oral contraceptive. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Dec 2004;17(6):373-377.
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25. Scholes D, LaCroix AZ, Ichikawa LE, Barlow WE, Ott SM. Change in bone mineral density among adolescent women using and discontinuing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Feb 2005;159(2):139-144.
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26. Scholes D, LaCroix AZ, Ichikawa LE, Barlow WE, Ott SM. The association between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and bone mineral density in adolescent women. Contraception. Feb 2004;69(2):99-104.
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27. Sorensen MB, Collins P, Ong PJ, et al. Long-term use of contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in young women impairs arterial endothelial function assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation. Sep 24 2002;106(13):1646-1651.
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28. Sowers MF, Scholl T, Harris L, Jannausch M. Bone loss in adolescent and adult pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. Aug 2000;96(2):189-193.
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29. Templeman CL, Cook V, Goldsmith LJ, Powell J, Hertweck SP. Postpartum contraceptive use among adolescent mothers. Obstet Gynecol. May 2000;95(5):770-776.
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Access to Reproductive Health Care — Contraceptives
Oral Contraceptives, Contraceptive Patch and Ring
1. Contraceptives and teens: what are the options? Contracept Technol Update. Sep 2000;21(9):109-111.
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2. Abma JC, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Dawson BS. Teenagers in the United States: sexual activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing, 2002. Vital Health Stat 23. Dec 2004(24):1-48.
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3. Chacko MR, Kozinetz CA, Smith PB. Assessment of oral contraceptive pill continuation in young women. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Aug 1999;12(3):143-148.
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4. Cromer BA, Smith RD, Blair JM, Dwyer J, Brown RT. A prospective study of adolescents who choose among levonorgestrel implant (Norplant), medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera), or the combined oral contraceptive pill as contraception. Pediatrics. Nov 1994;94(5):687-694.
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5. Daley AM, Sadler LS, Leventhal JM, Cromwell PF, Reynolds HD. Negative pregnancy tests in urban adolescents: an important and often missed opportunity for clinicians. Pediatr Nurs. Mar-Apr 2005;31(2):87-89.
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6. Drebitko CN, Sadler LS, Leventhal JM, Daley AM, Reynolds H. Adolescent girls with negative pregnancy tests. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Aug 2005;18(4):261-267.
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7. Forrest JD, Samara R. Impact of publicly funded contraceptive services on unintended pregnancies and implications for Medicaid expenditures. Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 1996;28(5):188-195.
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8. Fu H, Darroch JE, Haas T, Ranjit N. Contraceptive failure rates: new estimates from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Fam Plann Perspect. Mar-Apr 1999;31(2):56-63.
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9. Gittes EB, Strickland JL. Contraceptive choices for chronically ill adolescents. Adolesc Med Clin. Oct 2005;16(3):635-644.
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10. Gold RB, Darroch JE, Frost JJ. Mainstreaming contraceptive services in managed care--five states' experiences. Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 1998;30(5):204-211.
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11. Gold RB, Sonfield A. Reproductive health services for adolescents under the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Fam Plann Perspect. Mar-Apr 2001;33(2):81-87.
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12. Greydanus DE, Patel DR, Rimsza ME. Contraception in the adolescent: an update. Pediatrics. Mar 2001;107(3):562-573.
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13. Iuliano AD, Speizer IS, Santelli J, Kendall C. Reasons for contraceptive nonuse at first sex and unintended pregnancy. Am J Health Behav. Jan-Feb 2006;30(1):92-102.
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14. Johnston-Robledo I, Ball M, Lauta K, Zekoll A. To bleed or not to bleed: young women's attitudes toward menstrual suppression. Women Health. 2003;38(3):59-75.
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15. Jones RK, Darroch JE, Henshaw SK. Contraceptive use among U.S. women having abortions in 2000-2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. Nov-Dec 2002;34(6):294-303.
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16. Kaplan DW, Feinstein RA, Fisher MM, et al. Condom use by adolescents. Pediatrics. Jun 2001;107(6):1463-1469.
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17. Krishnamoorthy N, Ekins-Daukes S, Simpson CR, Milne RM, Helms PJ, McLay JS. Adolescent use of the combined oral contraceptive pill: a retrospective observational study. Arch Dis Child. Sep 2005;90(9):903-905.
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18. Landry DJ, Forrest JD. Private physicians' provision of contraceptive services. Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 1996;28(5):203-209.
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19. Lane MA, McCright J, Garrett K, Millstein SG, Bolan G, Ellen JM. Features of sexually transmitted disease services important to African American adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Aug 1999;153(8):829-833.
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20. Lara-Torre E. "Quick Start", an innovative approach to the combination oral contraceptive pill in adolescents. Is it time to make the switch? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Feb 2004;17(1):65-67.
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21. Lara-Torre E, Schroeder B. Adolescent compliance and side effects with Quick Start initiation of oral contraceptive pills. Contraception. Aug 2002;66(2):81-85.
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22. McDonald TP, Kaplan D. Adolescent preventive services for girls. Curr Womens Health Rep. Dec 2002;2(6):450-456.
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23. Omar H, Kives S, Allen L. Extended Use of the Oral Contraceptive Pill-Is it an Acceptable Option for the Adolescent? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Aug 2005;18(4):285-288.
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24. Pamar S, Haffner DW. Making the connection: sexuality and reproductive health. SIECUS Rep. Jan 1999;27(2):4-7.
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25. Raine T, Minnis AM, Padian NS. Determinants of contraceptive method among young women at risk for unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Contraception. Jul 2003;68(1):19-25.
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26. Rieder J, Coupey SM. The use of nonhormonal methods of contraception in adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am. Aug 1999;46(4):671-694.
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27. Rowlands S, Devalia H, Lawrenson R. Preferential prescribing of type of combined oral contraceptive pill by general practitioners to teenagers with acne. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. Mar 2001;6(1):9-13.
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28. Stevens-Simon C, Sheeder J, Harter S. Teen contraceptive decisions: childbearing intentions are the tip of the iceberg. Women Health. 2005;42(1):55-73.
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29. Sucato GS, Gerschultz KL. Extended cycle hormonal contraception in adolescents. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. Oct 2005;17(5):461-465.
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30. Trussell J, Koenig J, Stewart F, Darroch JE. Medical care cost savings from adolescent contraceptive use. Fam Plann Perspect. Nov-Dec 1997;29(6):248-255, 295.
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31. Zink T, Shireman T. Teen compliance with contraception. Analysis Of the ohio medicaid claims data. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. May 2000;13(2):97.
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Access to Reproductive Health Care — Contraceptives
Emergency Contraceptives
1. Emergency contraception. Pediatrics. Oct 2005;116(4):1026-1035.
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2. Aiken AM, Gold MA, Parker AM. Changes in young women's awareness, attitudes, and perceived barriers to using emergency contraception. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Feb 2005;18(1):25-32.
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3. Brening RK, Dalve-Endres AM, Patrick K. Emergency contraception pills (ECPs): current trends in United States college health centers. Contraception. Jun 2003;67(6):449-456.
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4. Calabretto H. Emergency contraception: a qualitative study of young women's experiences. Contemp Nurse. Dec-2005 Jan 2004;18(1-2):152-163.
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5. Cohall AT, Dickerson D, Vaughan R, Cohall R. Inner-city adolescents' awareness of emergency contraception. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1998;53(5 Suppl 2):258-261.
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6. Daley AM, Sadler LS, Leventhal JM, Cromwell PF, Reynolds HD. Negative pregnancy tests in urban adolescents: an important and often missed opportunity for clinicians. Pediatr Nurs. Mar-Apr 2005;31(2):87-89.
Link to PubMed
7. Drebitko CN, Sadler LS, Leventhal JM, Daley AM, Reynolds H. Adolescent girls with negative pregnancy tests. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Aug 2005;18(4):261-267.
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8. Falk G, Falk L, Hanson U, Milsom I. Young women requesting emergency contraception are, despite contraceptive counseling, a high risk group for new unintended pregnancies. Contraception. Jul 2001;64(1):23-27.
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9. Flowerdew C. Improving young people's access to emergency contraception. Nurs Times. Aug 19-25 2003;99(33):24-25.
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10. Free C, Lee RM, Ogden J. Young women's accounts of factors influencing their use and non-use of emergency contraception: in-depth interview study. Bmj. Dec 14 2002;325(7377):1393.
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11. Gold MA, Wolford JE, Smith KA, Parker AM. The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women's sexual and contraceptive behaviors. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Apr 2004;17(2):87-96.
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12. Graham A, Green L, Glasier AF. Teenagers' knowledge of emergency contraception: questionnaire survey in south east Scotland. Bmj. Jun 22 1996;312(7046):1567-1569.
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13. Harper C, Ellertson C. Knowledge and perceptions of emergency contraceptive pills among a college-age population: a qualitative approach. Fam Plann Perspect. Jul-Aug 1995;27(4):149-154.
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14. Harper CC, Cheong M, Rocca CH, Darney PD, Raine TR. The effect of increased access to emergency contraception among young adolescents. Obstet Gynecol. Sep 2005;106(3):483-491.
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15. Kaplan DW, Feinstein RA, Fisher MM, et al. Care of the adolescent sexual assault victim. Pediatrics. Jun 2001;107(6):1476-1479.
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16. McCarthy SK. Availability of emergency contraceptive pills at university and college student health centers. J Am Coll Health. Jul 2002;51(1):15-22.
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17. McDonald TP, Kaplan D. Adolescent preventive services for girls. Curr Womens Health Rep. Dec 2002;2(6):450-456.
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18. Santelli JS, Nystrom RJ, Brindis C, et al. Reproductive health in school-based health centers: findings from the 1998-99 census of school-based health centers. J Adolesc Health. Jun 2003;32(6):443-451.
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19. Sucato GS, Gardner JS, Koepsell TD. Adolescents' use of emergency contraception provided by Washington State pharmacists. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. Nov 2001;14(4):163-169.
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20. Virjo I, Virtala A. Why do university students use hormonal emergency contraception? Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. Sep 2003;8(3):139-144.
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Access to Reproductive Health Care
Abortion Care
1. Bennett T, Skatrud JD, Guild P, Loda F, Klerman LV. Rural adolescent pregnancy: a view from the South. Fam Plann Perspect. Nov-Dec 1997;29(6):256-260, 267.
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2. Bitler M, Zavodny M. The effect of abortion restrictions on the timing of abortions. J Health Econ. Nov 2001;20(6):1011-1032.
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3. Darroch JE. Adolescent pregnancy trends and demographics. Curr Womens Health Rep. Oct 2001;1(2):102-110.
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4. Darroch JE, Singh S, Frost JJ. Differences in teenage pregnancy rates among five developed countries: the roles of sexual activity and contraceptive use. Fam Plann Perspect. Nov-Dec 2001;33(6):244-250, 281
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5. Diaz A, Neal WP, Nucci AT, Ludmer P, Bitterman J, Edwards S. Legal and ethical issues facing adolescent health care professionals. Mt Sinai J Med. May 2004;71(3):181-185.
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6. English A. Reproductive health services for adolescents. Critical legal issues. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. Mar 2000;27(1):195-211.
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7. English A, Simmons PS. Legal issues in reproductive health care for adolescents. Adolesc Med. Jun 1999;10(2):181-194, v.
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8. Falk G, Ostlund I, Magnuson A, Schollin J, Nilsson K. Teenage mothers - a high-risk group for new unintended pregnancies. Contraception. Dec 2006;74(6):471-475.
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9. Finer LB, Frohwirth LF, Dauphinee LA, Singh S, Moore AM. Reasons U.S. women have abortions: quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. Sep 2005;37(3):110-118.
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10. Finer LB, Frohwirth LF, Dauphinee LA, Singh S, Moore AM. Timing of steps and reasons for delays in obtaining abortions in the United States. Contraception. Oct 2006;74(4):334-344.
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11. Finer LB, Henshaw SK. Abortion incidence and services in the United States in 2000. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. Jan-Feb 2003;35(1):6-15.
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12. Henshaw SK. Teenage abortion and pregnancy statistics by state, 1992. Fam Plann Perspect. May-Jun 1997;29(3):115-122.
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13. Henshaw SK. Abortion incidence and services in the United States, 1995-1996. Fam Plann Perspect. Nov-Dec 1998;30(6):263-270, 287.
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14. Henshaw SK. Unintended pregnancy in the United States. Fam Plann Perspect. Jan-Feb 1998;30(1):24-29, 46.
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15. Henshaw SK, Feivelson DJ. Teenage abortion and pregnancy statistics by state, 1996. Fam Plann Perspect. Nov-Dec 2000;32(6):272-280.
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16. Henshaw SK, Finer LB. The accessibility of abortion services in the United States, 2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. Jan-Feb 2003;35(1):16-24.
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17. Joyce T, Kaestner R, Colman S. Changes in abortions and births and the Texas parental notification law. N Engl J Med. Mar 9 2006;354(10):1031-1038.
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18. Klerman LV. Adolescent pregnancy in the United States. Int J Adolesc Med Health. Apr-Jun 2002;14(2):91-96.
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19. Lichter DT, McLaughlin DK, Ribar DC. State abortion policy, geographic access to abortion providers and changing family formation. Fam Plann Perspect. Nov-Dec 1998;30(6):281-287.
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20. Maradiegue A. Minor's rights versus parental rights: review of legal issues in adolescent health care. J Midwifery Womens Health. May-Jun 2003;48(3):170-177.
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21. Mykitiuk R, Turnham S. Legal dimensions of adolescent sexuality. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. Nov 2004;26(11):991-999.
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22. Phelps RH, Schaff EA, Fielding SL. Mifepristone abortion in minors. Contraception. Dec 2001;64(6):339-343.
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23. Radhakrishna A, Gringle R, Greenslade F. Adolescent women face triple jeopardy: unwanted pregnancy, HIV / AIDS and unsafe abortion. Womens Health J. 1997(2):53-62.
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24. Santelli JS, Speizer IS, Avery A, Kendall C. An exploration of the dimensions of pregnancy intentions among women choosing to terminate pregnancy or to initiate prenatal care in New Orleans, Louisiana. Am J Public Health. Nov 2006;96(11):2009-2015.
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25. Saul R. The Child Custody Protection Act: a "minor" issue at the top of the antiabortion agenda. Guttmacher Rep Public Policy. Aug 1998;1(4):1-2, 7.
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26. Saul R. Teen pregnancy: progress meets politics. Guttmacher Rep Public Policy. Jun 1999;2(3):6-9.
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27. Singh S, Darroch JE. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing: levels and trends in developed countries. Fam Plann Perspect. Jan-Feb 2000;32(1):14-23.
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28. Tillett J. Adolescents and informed consent: ethical and legal issues. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. Apr-Jun 2005;19(2):112-121.
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29. Wiemann CM, Berenson AB, Pino LG, McCombs SL. Factors associated with adolescents' risk for late entry into prenatal care. Fam Plann Perspect. Nov-Dec 1997;29(6):273-276.
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30. Yanda K. Teenagers educating teenagers about reproductive health and their rights to confidential care. Fam Plann Perspect. Sep-Oct 2000;32(5):256-257.
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31. Zavodny M. Fertility and parental consent for minors to receive contraceptives. Am J Public Health. Aug 2004;94(8):1347-1351.
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